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                    <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="t-navbar" style=""><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><strong class="selflink"> C++</strong><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:1.1em;">
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="cpp/meta.html" title="cpp/meta"> Metaprogramming library</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
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<td colspan="3">
<p><span style="font-size: 0.8em;">C++98, C++03, <a href="cpp/11.html" title="cpp/11">C++11</a>, <a href="cpp/14.html" title="cpp/14">C++14</a>, <a href="cpp/17.html" title="cpp/17">C++17</a>, <a href="cpp/20.html" title="cpp/20">C++20</a>, <a href="cpp/23.html" title="cpp/23">C++23</a>   │  
<a href="cpp/compiler_support.html" title="cpp/compiler support"> Compiler support</a> <a href="cpp/compiler_support/11.html" title="cpp/compiler support/11">C++11</a>, <a href="cpp/compiler_support/14.html" title="cpp/compiler support/14">C++14</a>, <a href="cpp/compiler_support/17.html" title="cpp/compiler support/17">C++17</a>, <a href="cpp/compiler_support/20.html" title="cpp/compiler support/20">C++20</a>, <a href="cpp/compiler_support/23.html" title="cpp/compiler support/23">C++23</a><br>
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<div class="mainpagediv"><a href="cpp/freestanding.html" title="cpp/freestanding"> Freestanding implementations</a>
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<p><b><a href="cpp/language.html" title="cpp/language"> Language</a></b>
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<p><a href="cpp/language/basic_concepts.html" title="cpp/language/basic concepts"> Basic concepts</a><br>
<a href="cpp/keywords.html" title="cpp/keyword"> Keywords</a><br>
<a href="cpp/preprocessor.html" title="cpp/preprocessor"> Preprocessor</a><br>
<a href="cpp/language/expressions.html" title="cpp/language/expressions"> Expressions</a><br>
<a href="cpp/language/declarations.html" title="cpp/language/declarations"> Declaration</a><br>
<a href="cpp/language/initialization.html" title="cpp/language/initialization"> Initialization</a><br>
<a href="cpp/language/functions.html" title="cpp/language/functions"> Functions</a><br>
<a href="cpp/language/statements.html" title="cpp/language/statements"> Statements</a><br>
<a href="cpp/language/classes.html" title="cpp/language/classes"> Classes</a><br>
<a href="cpp/language/operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators"> Overloading</a><br>
<a href="cpp/language/templates.html" title="cpp/language/templates"> Templates</a><br>
<a href="cpp/language/exceptions.html" title="cpp/language/exceptions"> Exceptions</a><br>
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<p><b><a href="cpp/header.html" title="cpp/header"> Headers</a></b>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/named_req.html" title="cpp/named req"> Named requirements</a></b>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/feature_test.html" title="cpp/feature test">Feature test macros</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/utility.html#Language_support" title="cpp/utility"> Language support library</a></b>
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<p><a href="cpp/utility/source_location.html" title="cpp/utility/source location"> Source code information</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/types.html" title="cpp/types"> Type support</a><br>
<a href="cpp/utility/program.html" title="cpp/utility/program"> Program utilities</a><br>
<a href="cpp/coroutine.html" title="cpp/coroutine"> Coroutine support</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/utility.html#Three-way_comparison" title="cpp/utility"> Three-way comparison</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/types/numeric_limits.html" title="cpp/types/numeric limits"><tt>numeric_limits</tt></a>  −  <a href="cpp/types/type_info.html" title="cpp/types/type info"><tt>type_info</tt></a><br>
<a href="cpp/utility/initializer_list.html" title="cpp/utility/initializer list"><tt>initializer_list</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br>
</p>
</div>
<p><b><a href="cpp/concepts.html" title="cpp/concepts"> Concepts library</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/meta.html" title="cpp/meta"> Metaprogramming library</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/meta.html#Type_traits" title="cpp/meta">Type traits</a>  −  <a href="cpp/numeric/ratio.html" title="cpp/numeric/ratio"><tt>ratio</tt></a><br>
<a href="cpp/utility/integer_sequence.html" title="cpp/utility/integer sequence"><tt>integer_sequence</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(C++14)</span>
</p>
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<td>
<p><b><a href="cpp/error.html" title="cpp/error"> Diagnostics library</a></b>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/utility/basic_stacktrace.html" title="cpp/utility/basic stacktrace"><tt>basic_stacktrace</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx23">(C++23)</span>
</p>
</div>
<p><b><a href="cpp/memory.html" title="cpp/memory"> Memory management library</a></b>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/memory/unique_ptr.html" title="cpp/memory/unique ptr"><tt>unique_ptr</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/memory/shared_ptr.html" title="cpp/memory/shared ptr"><tt>shared_ptr</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span>
</p>
</div>
<p><b><a href="cpp/utility.html#General-purpose_utilities" title="cpp/utility"> General utilities library</a></b>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/utility/functional.html" title="cpp/utility/functional"> Function objects</a>  −  <a href="cpp/utility/hash.html" title="cpp/utility/hash"><tt>hash</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/utility.html#Swap_and_type_operations" title="cpp/utility"> Utility functions</a><br>
<a href="cpp/utility/pair.html" title="cpp/utility/pair"><tt>pair</tt></a>  −  
<a href="cpp/utility/tuple.html" title="cpp/utility/tuple"><tt>tuple</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/utility/optional.html" title="cpp/utility/optional"><tt>optional</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span>  −  <a href="cpp/utility/any.html" title="cpp/utility/any"><tt>any</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/utility/variant.html" title="cpp/utility/variant"><tt>variant</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/utility.html#Elementary_string_conversions" title="cpp/utility"> String conversions</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/utility/format.html" title="cpp/utility/format"> Formatting</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/numeric.html#Bit_manipulation_.28since_C.2B.2B20.29" title="cpp/numeric"> Bit manipulation</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span>
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<p><b><a href="cpp/string.html" title="cpp/string"> Strings library</a></b>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/string/basic_string.html" title="cpp/string/basic string"><tt>basic_string</tt></a><br>
<a href="cpp/string/basic_string_view.html" title="cpp/string/basic string view"><tt>basic_string_view</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span><br>
Null-terminated strings:<br>
  <a href="cpp/string/byte.html" title="cpp/string/byte">byte</a>  −  <a href="cpp/string/multibyte.html" title="cpp/string/multibyte">multibyte</a>  −  <a href="cpp/string/wide.html" title="cpp/string/wide">wide</a>
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<p><b><a href="cpp/container.html" title="cpp/container"> Containers library</a></b>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/container/array.html" title="cpp/container/array"><tt>array</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span>  −  <a href="cpp/container/vector.html" title="cpp/container/vector"><tt>vector</tt></a>  −  <a href="cpp/container/deque.html" title="cpp/container/deque"><tt>deque</tt></a><br>
<a href="cpp/container/list.html" title="cpp/container/list"><tt>list</tt></a>  −  <a href="cpp/container/forward_list.html" title="cpp/container/forward list"><tt>forward_list</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/container/map.html" title="cpp/container/map"><tt>map</tt></a>  −  <a href="cpp/container/multimap.html" title="cpp/container/multimap"><tt>multimap</tt></a><br>
<a href="cpp/container/set.html" title="cpp/container/set"><tt>set</tt></a>  −  <a href="cpp/container/multiset.html" title="cpp/container/multiset"><tt>multiset</tt></a><br>
<a href="cpp/container/unordered_map.html" title="cpp/container/unordered map"><tt>unordered_map</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br><a href="cpp/container/unordered_multimap.html" title="cpp/container/unordered multimap"><tt>unordered_multimap</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/container/unordered_set.html" title="cpp/container/unordered set"><tt>unordered_set</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br><a href="cpp/container/unordered_multiset.html" title="cpp/container/unordered multiset"><tt>unordered_multiset</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/container/stack.html" title="cpp/container/stack"><tt>stack</tt></a>  −  <a href="cpp/container/queue.html" title="cpp/container/queue"><tt>queue</tt></a>  −  <a href="cpp/container/priority_queue.html" title="cpp/container/priority queue"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a><br>
<a href="cpp/container/span.html" title="cpp/container/span"><tt>span</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span>
</p>
</div></td>
<td>
<p><b><a href="cpp/iterator.html" title="cpp/iterator"> Iterators library</a></b>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/ranges.html" title="cpp/ranges"> Ranges library</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/algorithm.html" title="cpp/algorithm"> Algorithms library</a></b>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/algorithm/ranges.html" title="cpp/algorithm/ranges"> Constrained algorithms</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span>
</p>
</div>
<p><b><a href="cpp/numeric.html" title="cpp/numeric"> Numerics library</a></b>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/numeric/math.html" title="cpp/numeric/math"> Common math functions</a><br>
<a href="cpp/numeric/special_functions.html" title="cpp/numeric/special functions"> Mathematical special functions</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/numeric/constants.html" title="cpp/numeric/constants"> Mathematical constants</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/numeric.html#Numeric_algorithms" title="cpp/numeric"> Numeric algorithms</a><br>
<a href="cpp/numeric/random.html" title="cpp/numeric/random"> Pseudo-random number generation</a><br>
<a href="cpp/numeric/fenv.html" title="cpp/numeric/fenv"> Floating-point environment</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/numeric/complex.html" title="cpp/numeric/complex"><tt>complex</tt></a>  −  <a href="cpp/numeric/valarray.html" title="cpp/numeric/valarray"><tt>valarray</tt></a>
</p>
</div>
<p><b><a href="cpp/chrono.html" title="cpp/chrono"> Date and time library</a></b>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/locale.html" title="cpp/locale"> Localizations library</a></b>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/io.html" title="cpp/io"> Input/output library</a></b>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/io.html#Stream-based_I.2FO" title="cpp/io"> Stream-based I/O</a><br>
<a href="cpp/io.html#Synchronized_output" title="cpp/io"> Synchronized output</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/io/manip.html" title="cpp/io/manip"> I/O manipulators</a><br>
</p>
</div>
<p><b><a href="cpp/filesystem.html" title="cpp/filesystem"> Filesystem library</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span>
</p><p><b><a href="cpp/regex.html" title="cpp/regex"> Regular expressions library</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/regex/basic_regex.html" title="cpp/regex/basic regex"><tt>basic_regex</tt></a>  −  <a href="cpp/regex.html#Algorithms" title="cpp/regex">algorithms</a>
</p>
</div>
<p><b><a href="cpp/thread.html" title="cpp/thread"> Concurrency support library</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/atomic/atomic.html" title="cpp/atomic/atomic"><tt>atomic</tt></a>  −  <a href="cpp/atomic/atomic_flag.html" title="cpp/atomic/atomic flag"><tt>atomic_flag</tt></a><br>
<a href="cpp/atomic/atomic_ref.html" title="cpp/atomic/atomic ref"><tt>atomic_ref</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/thread/thread.html" title="cpp/thread/thread"><tt>thread‏‎</tt></a> − <a href="cpp/thread/jthread.html" title="cpp/thread/jthread"><tt>jthread‏‎</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br>
<a href="cpp/thread/mutex.html" title="cpp/thread/mutex"><tt>mutex</tt></a><br>
<a href="cpp/thread/condition_variable.html" title="cpp/thread/condition variable"><tt>condition_variable‏‎</tt></a><br>
<a href="cpp/thread/future.html" title="cpp/thread/future"><tt>future</tt></a>  −  <a href="cpp/thread/promise.html" title="cpp/thread/promise"><tt>promise</tt></a>
</p>
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</td></tr>
<tr class="row">
<td colspan="3"><b><a href="cpp/experimental.html" title="cpp/experimental"> Technical specifications</a></b><br>
<p>  <b><a href="cpp/experimental/memory.html" title="cpp/experimental/lib extensions">Standard library extensions</a></b>  <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-libfund-ts t-mark-ts">(library fundamentals TS)</span>
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<p><a href="cpp/experimental/resource_adaptor.html" title="cpp/experimental/resource adaptor"><tt>resource_adaptor</tt></a> —
<a href="cpp/experimental/invocation_type.html" title="cpp/experimental/invocation type"><tt>invocation_type</tt></a>
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<p>  <b><a href="cpp/experimental/lib_extensions_2.html" title="cpp/experimental/lib extensions 2">Standard library extensions v2</a></b>  <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-libfund-ts-2 t-mark-ts">(library fundamentals TS v2)</span>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/experimental/propagate_const.html" title="cpp/experimental/propagate const"><tt>propagate_const</tt></a> —
<a href="cpp/experimental/ostream_joiner.html" title="cpp/experimental/ostream joiner"><tt>ostream_joiner</tt></a> —
<a href="cpp/experimental/randint.html" title="cpp/experimental/randint"><tt>randint</tt></a><br>
<a href="cpp/experimental/observer_ptr.html" title="cpp/experimental/observer ptr"><tt>observer_ptr</tt></a> —
<a href="cpp/experimental/is_detected.html" title="cpp/experimental/is detected">detection idiom</a>
</p>
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<p>  <b><a href="cpp/experimental/lib_extensions_3.html" title="cpp/experimental/lib extensions 3">Standard library extensions v3</a></b>  <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-libfund-ts-3 t-mark-ts">(library fundamentals TS v3)</span>
</p>
<div class="mainpagediv">
<p><a href="cpp/experimental/scope_exit.html" title="cpp/experimental/scope exit"><tt>scope_exit</tt></a> —
<a href="cpp/experimental/scope_fail.html" title="cpp/experimental/scope fail"><tt>scope_fail</tt></a> —
<a href="cpp/experimental/scope_success.html" title="cpp/experimental/scope success"><tt>scope_success</tt></a> —
<a href="cpp/experimental/unique_resource.html" title="cpp/experimental/unique resource"><tt>unique_resource</tt></a>
</p>
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<p>  <b><a href="cpp/experimental/concurrency.html" title="cpp/experimental/concurrency">Concurrency library extensions</a></b>  <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-concurrency-ts t-mark-ts">(concurrency TS)</span>   —   <b><a href="cpp/language/transactional_memory.html" title="cpp/language/transactional memory">Transactional Memory</a></b>  <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-tm-ts t-mark-ts">(TM TS)</span><br>
  <b><a href="cpp/experimental/reflect.html" title="cpp/experimental/reflect">Reflection</a></b>  <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-reflection-ts t-mark-ts">(reflection TS)</span><br>
</p>
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<td colspan="3"> <a href="cpp/links.html" title="cpp/links">External Links</a>  −  <a href="cpp/links/libs.html" title="cpp/links/libs">Non-ANSI/ISO Libraries</a>  −  <a href="cpp/index.html" title="cpp/index">Index</a>  −  <a href="cpp/symbol_index.html" title="cpp/symbol index">std Symbol Index</a>
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